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Epiphyseal plate
| Epiphyseal plate | |
|---|---|
| File:Tib fib growth plates.jpg | |
| Plain radiograph of 12 year old child's lower leg showing growth plates at lower ends of tibia and fibula | |
| File:Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg | |
| Hypertrophic zone of epiphyseal plate showing three zones: maturation (top), degenerative (middle) and provisional calcification (bottom). | |
| Latin | lamina epiphysialis |
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.
Role in bone elongation
Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.[1] Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears.[2] Once the adult stage is reached, the only way to manipulate height is modifying bone length via distraction osteogenesis.
The growth plate has a very specific morphology in having a zonal arrangement. The growth plate includes a relatively inactive reserve zone at the epiphyseal end, moving distally into a proliferative and then hypertrophic zone and ending with a band of ossifying cartilage (the metaphysis). A mnemonic for remembering the names of the epiphyseal plate growth zones is " Real People Have Career Options," standing for: Resting zone, Proliferative zone, Hypertrophic cartilage zone, Calcified cartilage zone, Ossification zone.[3] The growth plate is clinically relevant in that it is often the primary site for infection, metastasis, fractures and the effects of endocrine bone disorders.[citation needed]
Pathology
Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders. The most common defect is achondroplasia, where there is a defect in cartilage formation. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism.
Salter-Harris fractures can occur on epiphyseal plates.
Studies in animals
John Hunter studied growing chickens. He observed bones grew at the ends and thus demonstrated the existence of the epiphyseal plates. Hunter is considered the "father of the growth plate".[4]
References
- ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068162
- ↑ "Skeletal System / Bone Development and Growth". Archived from the original on 2008-07-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080709164649/http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_3_bone_growth.html. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ↑ "Medical Mnemonics". http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/cgi-bin/return.cfm?searchbox=proliferative&discipline_id=All&system_id=All&bodypart_id=All&level_lo=All&level_hi=All&clinical=All&hi_yield=All&g_rated=All&language_id=All&numrows=10&rowstart=1&mtype_id=All&orderresultsby=rating.
- ↑ "Growth Plate (Physeal) Fractures". EMedicine.com. http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/topic627.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
See also
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